Basic Computer in Urdu along with MCQs + Short Questions & Answers for DAE (Electrical+Electronics+Civil+ Mechanical) Classes Ch-1
Chapter No 1
Electronic Data Processing
(E.D.P)
After
completing this lesson, a student will be able to.
1.1.
Describe Electronics data
processing and related terms
1.2.
Explain computer and its types.
1.3.
Describe Computer various generation.
1.4.
Explain Block Diagram of
computer.
1.5.
State the terms such as BIT,
Byte, RAM & ROM.
1.6.
Identify input & output
devices
1.7.
Describe secondary storage devices
1.8.
Explain types of software’s
1.9.
Explain programming languages
1.10.
Explain application of computers
in different fields
1.11.
Explain Use of Engineering, Education
& business.
1.1. Define
Electronic Data Processing(Data & its type, Information, Hardware,
Software)
1.1.1. Electronics
Data Processing.
Electronics
data processing is also called EDP, which is a term used for automotive
information processing. It is used to make data manipulate, record, classification
and summaries data using computers or using computers, servers and other
electronics devices is also called EDP. A perfect example of EDP is computer. Computer
processing is the fast and accurate device to process electronic data, there
are many ways to process electronic data.
1.
Time Sharing
2.
Real-time Processing
3.
Online Processing
4.
Multiprocessing
5.
Multi-tasking
6.
Interactive Processing
7.
Batch Processing and
8.
Distributed processing
1.1.2. Time
sharing.
In
this method, multiple nodes are connected to a computer that allows user to access
central computer, a multi-user processing system control the time allocation
for each user and complete the task at the same time. If the user does not
finish the task at this time, he gets another time allocate.
1.1.3. Real-Time
Processing
Its
purpose is to provide up-to-date information to the user. When the computer
processes the data, it responds at the same time. Train seat and airline seat
booking are good examples of this. If seat is book then reservation system updates
booking files it is an instant information system.
1.1.4. Online
processing
In
this processing data is updated as soon as it is received. This data can be a
network terminal or an online device. Online processing information is used in
research and recording.
1.1.5. Multi-tasking.
Multi-tasking
processing involves performing multiple tasks at a time while using the same
computer. This is possible only on network server and mainframe computers. In
this system the computer may contain one or more independent CPUs. Data
processing is fast and, in this system, different processors share the same
memory, in this system processor takes information from different parts of one
or more programs.
1.1.6. Multi-tasking.
This
is an important processing feature. Working with different processors at the
same time is called multitasking in this many tasks use the same processor resource?
1.1.7. Interactive
processing.
This
method consists of three types of functions: The following types of functions
include pack detection, integration and quantification. It is a simple way of
working with a computer.
1.1.8. Batch
processing.
It
is a method of processing in which data groups are organized.
1.1.9. Distributed
processing.
It
is used for remote workstations and these workstations are paired with large
workstations in which the customer receives excellent services. Firms are
distributed in geographical computers. The best example of this is ATMs which
are paired with the banking system.
1.1.10.
Elements of electronic
data processing.
Hardware,
Software, Procedure, are elements of Personal Electronic Data Processing Hardware
section contains scanners, bar code readers, personal computers, servers,
video and audio devices, all are electronic data processing elements. In software
section accounting software, data entry, analytics and software all are
elements of electronics data processing. In the procedure section,
sorting, analysis, reporting, conversion, data collection and aggregation are
the elements of electronic data processing. In Personal section, the
program use electronics data processing to make components & spreadsheets.
Data Entry Specialists scan the barcodes. Now it is up to each industry to
decide which method of electronic data processing to be use to gain more
profit.
1.1.11.
Stages of
electronic data processing.
The
first stage is to collect accurate date, the second stage is to prepare (to
analyze the data), the third stage is input in which the data entry is done
with the help of bar code scanner, keyboard or digitizer, the fourth stage is
processing & final stage is storage.
1.1.12.
Examples of
electronics data processing.
1.
Used in to calculate and formats telecom company bill and calculate the charges
as per usage.
2.
Used in schools to keep records of students.
3.
Used for recording in supermarkets and monitoring patient progress in
hospitals.
4.
Used for hotels reservations.
5.
Used to monitor bank transactions.
6.
Used to note entries in Police Department, Cyber Crime and Chemicals.
7.
Used in information gathering and data processing in large organizations.
8.
Used in audio and video devices. Used in bar code scanners.
1.2. Define
computer hardware.
A
computer hardware component refers to the physical components that make up a
computer system. The hardware components of a computer system are classified in
terms of input devices, system units, storage devices, output devices, and
memory. A system consisting of input / output devices is called a computer.
1.3. What
is meant by software?
Computer
programs are called software. A computer program consists of a set of
instructions that tells the computer what to do and how to perform a function.
A computer cannot do any work without instructions. When a computer uses a
program, it means that the computer is now running or executing the program.
They have two categories.
·
System software
·
Application software
1.3.1. System
software:
System
software is a collection of programs that actually make the computer easier to
use. System software acts as an interface between hardware and the user.
Examples, such as operating systems, utility programs (backup / restore) &
drives, interpreters and compilers etc.
There
are the following types of system software:
·
Operating software.
·
Device drive.
·
Utility program.
·
Language processors.
1.3.2. Operating
software
Operating
software tells the computer how to use its components. Examples such as
Windows, Macintosh operating system and Linux. Operating system are very
important for a computer because it acts as an interpreter between hardware,
application programs and user.
While the Utility program simplifies computer
use and performs high-function these programs perform disk managing,
troubleshooting hardware problems, and other tasks that computers cannot
perform automatically. The operating system performs the following tasks.
·
It loads the program into memory
and executes them.
·
It controls the operation of
input devices / output devices and storage devices.
·
It manages files and folders.
·
Users can create an account and
set a password to protect the system from unauthorized user access.
·
Screen resolution can be
adjusted. Internet setting can be done.
·
Various software can be installed
/ deleted.
·
Displays the message in case of
hardware failure so that it can be fixed.
1.3.3. Application
software
These
software’s are designed to perform a specific task or provide audio, video or
multimedia entertainment to the user. They have the following categories such
as
1.3.4. Package
software
This
is a type of off-the-shelf program or component. These software are sold to the
user / developer. Examples are Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint etc.
In short.
Microsoft Windows 10 is a system / operating software, while Microsoft Word,
Excel and PowerPoint & in-page are application software.
1.3.5. What is meant by information?
Information
consists of useful data and it is useful to people. The output that computer
provides after receiving data is actually information. Information is organized
and it is obtained after data processing.
1.4. Define
data and describe its types.
Data
is a collection of unprocessed items which can include text, numbers, audio,
images and videos. Computer manipulate data to create information. Useful
information is obtained after processing the data, Data is random and meaningless.
Information is obtained from data. If there is no data, information cannot be
obtained.
1.4.1. Example
of computer data.
Joe,
Smith, 1234 Circle, SLC, UT, 8404, 8015553211
0143 0157 0155 0160 0165 0164
0145 0162 0040 0150 0157 0160 0145
01100011011011110110110101110000011101010111010001100101011100100010000001101000000101
Examples
of data.
·
The record of temperature, wind
and humidity in a day is called data while the percentage of cooling,
wind and heat in the weather is called information.
·
The name of the students in the
class is called data while the name of the students is called information.
·
Students 'marks are called data
while marks' percentage, grade and position are called information.
1.1. Data
types.
There
are many types of data such as symbolic data, numeric data, alphabetical data,
audio data, video data, data consisting of a combination of numeric and
alphabetical data.
1.1.1.
Number Data.
Numerical
data consists of numbers with positive, negative and decimal symbols. It
consists of 0 to 9 numbers.
1.1.2.
Numerical data.
It
is expressed in the form of a number. It is also called quantitative data.it is
collected in number form. For example, if female class students are combined
with male class students, this collection will display numerical data.
1.1.3.
Types.
There
are two types of continuous data, discrete data represents the item
being counted and continuous data represents the measurement of data. There are
two more types of continuous data.
1.1.4.
Discrete Data.
It
represents the item to be counted. It can be a finite count or an infinity
count. For example, how many cups will be needed to empty a basket this is an
example of finite while showing how many cups will be needed to empty the ocean
it represents an infinite number.
1.1.5.
Continuous Data.
This
show the measurement this consist of real number line. For example, in the
grading system of the university, if the CGPA is 5, then 4.50 - 5.00 will be
the first position of all the students and 3.50 - 4.49 will be the second
position and 2. 50 - 3.49 will be the third position and so on. Examples of
Continuous Data such as Census, Temperature, Age, Marks Grading, Annual Income,
Time, Height, IQ and CGPA.
1.1.6.
Symbolic Data.
Such
data consist of different symbols like ٪, (), $, &, #, @ etc.
1.1.7.
Alphabetic Data.
The
Data consists of letters is called alphabetical data. It consists of (A-Z) such
as Lahore, Sargodha, Multan, Speakers etc.
1.1.8.
Audio Data.
Data
that contains audio is called audio data. It includes audio songs, verses, and
naats.
1.1.9.
Video Data.
Data
that contains video is called video data, which includes movies, plays,
lectures, interviews, etc.
1.1.10.
Image / Graphic Data.
Data
that contains images (photos) is called video data. It includes various types
of photos, drawings, maps, graphs, charts, etc.
1.1.11.
Alphanumeric Data.
Data
that is a combination of numbers and alphabets such as Street No.510 / A is
called Alphanumeric Data
1.1.12.
Differences between information
and data.
Suppose
your computer teacher makes a list of the obtained marks of class. There is no
special order in it so it is called data as shown in the table. Now this data
is processed in the computer and instructions are given to the computer this
process is called processing. When the processing is done, you get the
information at the output in which the data is sorted. According to the table
·
Names and marks of students is data.
·
Arranging student marks in
descending order will be called processing and,
By
re-arranging the list again in which the student performances are arranged in
descending order, then output will be information as shown in the Table.
|
Data |
Processing |
Result (Information) |
||||
|
Sr.No |
Name |
Marks |
Sr.No |
Name |
Marks |
|
|
1 |
Azmat abbas |
80 |
1 |
Muhammad Imran Haider |
96 |
|
|
2 |
Muhammad Imran Haider |
96 |
2 |
Tariq Nadeem |
88 |
|
|
3 |
Qamar Abbas Awan |
85 |
3 |
Qamar Abbas Awan |
85 |
|
|
4 |
Muhammad Ali Waqar |
78 |
4 |
Azmat abbas |
80 |
|
|
5 |
Tariq Nadeem |
88 |
5 |
Muhammad Ali Waqar |
78 |
|
What does File
Extension mean?
The
computer has different types of files each file has an extension. File extension
is actually written after name of any file after dot sign and tells us which
program/software will be needed to open this file.
Examples of file
instances.
1) If
the end name of file is .jpg or .jpeg or .gif, this file will be an image file.
2) If
the end name of file is a .docx, this file will be a Microsoft Word Documentary
file.
3) If
the end name of file is .mp3 or .aif, this file will be an audio file.
4) If
the end name of file is .xlsx, this file will be a Microsoft Excel file.
5) If
the end name of file is .pptx, this file will be a Microsoft Power Point
Presentation file.
1.2. Describe
computer types.
1.2.1.
Introduction to computer.
The
word computer is derived from Latin term “compute” which means to
calculate. The computer is a common Electronics Machine, which receives data
from input (users) processing it and provides results on the output and also
saves it for future reuse. The computer can process, store and retrieve data repeatedly,
instructions are given to the computer for a particular task called computer
programs (a set of instructions that are given to the computer to perform a
particular task). Thus, computer completes the task with high speed as per the
instructions on input and provides the most accurate results on the output as
shown in the figure.
A computer is
electronic device that does not do any work by itself but works under the
instruction given by user. A computer is the combination of
Hardware and Software. The computer is a device or a machine made up of
several parts or components that allows a user to operate.
1.2.2. Functionalities
of a Computer
If
we look at it in a very broad sense, any digital computer carries out the
following five functions −
Step 1 −
Takes data as input.
Step 2 −
Stores the data/instructions in its memory and uses them as required.
Step 3 −
Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
Step 4 −
Generates the output.
Step 5 − Controls
all the above four steps.
1.2.3. Computer - Types
Computers can be broadly
classified by their speed and computing power.
|
Sr.
No |
Type |
Specifications |
|
1 |
Analog
Computer |
The analog
computer solves the problem by measuring quantities of analog data (voltage,
current, speed, time, temperature) and continuously stores the results of
these physical quantities |
|
2 |
PC (Personal
Computer) |
It is a single
user computer system having moderately powerful microprocessor |
|
3 |
Workstation |
It is also a
single user computer system, similar to personal computer it has more
powerful microprocessor. |
|
4 |
Mini Computer |
It is a
multi-user computer system, capable of supporting hundreds of users
simultaneously. |
|
5 |
Main Frame |
It is a multi-user
computer system, capable of supporting hundreds of users simultaneously.
Software technology is different from minicomputer. |
|
6 |
Supercomputer |
It is an
extremely fast computer, which can execute hundreds of millions of
instructions per second. |
1.2.4. Analog
computer.
Uses: In scientific
calculation, engineering calculation, industrial process control, spacecraft
navigation and multi technology
Examples:
Thermometer,
speedometer and analog clock, barometer, blood pressure apparatus and radar
system.
1.2.5. Digitals
Computers
Examples: General
Purpose Computer, Personal Computer, Digital Scoreboard and Digital Clock
1.2.6. Hybrid
computer.
This computer is
a combination of digital and analog computer. It contains both analog and
digital computers feature. Hybrid computers are used in scientific
applications, as well as in spacecraft, missile systems, scientific research,
hospitals and industrial process control. They receive both analog and digital
data. It is used as a vital sign monitoring unit to monitor important patient
data in hospitals such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature and
respiration and also used in spacecraft and missile systems.
Mainframe
computer
They
were built in 1940. Due to their large size, high power and high cost, they
support thousands of users at the same time, which is why they are used in so
many large organizations. It performs multiple tasks simultaneously users
Access to a mainframe computer via a terminal or personal computer. A mainframe
computer can execute 16 million instructions.
Uses:
·
In the airline system it is used
for ticket reservations.
·
·
In scientific research
laboratories
·
In insurance Education system
·
In air travel, In a research
agency &In health care centers
Examples of main frame computers are,
·
IBM’s z Enterprise EC12
·
EC 196
·
IMB S/390
·
NEC610
·
DEC10
·
HP 16500 Series
·
HP Integrity Superdome
1.2.7.
Mini computers
These were
introduced in 1960 when IC was also introduced. The mini-computer is smaller in
size than the mainframe but larger in size than the microcomputer. It can
execute scans at 5 billion off instruction. They are used in PIA, NADRA, Police
Department and Hospitals where there are several hundred users. They consist
two or more processors. They provide continuous service to 4000 users.
Examples:
·
IBM System/36
·
HP 3000
·
VAX-8800
·
AS 400
Uses:
They are used in
small and medium sized companies for centralized information store.
1.2.8. Microcomputer
Microcomputers
are accessible to everyone due to their small size and low cost. It consists of
input devices, output devices, storage devices, memory and processors. It is
most commonly used in homes and offices. They were introduced in 1970 when the
microprocessor was introduced. Their storage capacity and speed are
very is extremely high. Microcomputers execute millions per instructions (MIPS)
and can be used to perform thousands of tasks using a variety of software.
Today they are available in form of laptop, desktop and tablet. Well-known
companies like IBM, DELL, HP, TOSHIBA and ACER manufactures microcomputers they
are also called personal computer (PCs).
Examples:
·
·
Toshiba Satellite series
·
Apple series
·
Apple Macintosh
·
Smart phone
·
Handheld computer
·
IBM Lenovo series
·
Dell XPS series
·
HP Envy series are some popular microcomputers
1.2.9.
Supercomputer
It
is the fastest computer. It is big in size and very expensive. Its storage
capacity is high and quite expensive. It can execute scans trillion
instructions per second. They are used for highly intensive complex
calculations and to design and control of rockets and warships. It is also
used in climatic conditions and nuclear research where complex and fast
calculations are required. PARAM is a series of supercomputers assembled
by a company called C-DAC in India (Poona). Some other famous
supercomputer makers like Cray Inc which is an American supercomputer
maker and IBM etc.
Examples:
·
IBM BLUE GENE
·
INTEL ASCI RED
Uses:
In
Pakistan, NUST has developed a supercomputer called ScREC, which is installed
at the Research Center for Modeling and Simulation (RCMS) in NUST. Its speed is
132 TFLOPS and its storage is up to 21. 6TB.Speed of the supercomputer is
referred in (floating point operation per second).
In Pakistan Supercomputers are used in Atomic
Energy Research Center, seasonal forecasting, global warming, biological
research, nuclear research and aircraft design.
1.2.10. Pocket Computers (Palmtop Computer)
These
computers are portable and can be used anywhere due to their small size. They
have an internal battery that provides them power. They use special operating
systems. Data is inserted through the touch screen. They also have small size
buttons and keys on top. They do not use a mouse and keyboard. Here are some
examples.
·
·
Hewlett Packard
Palmtop FX
·
Hewlett Packard
OmniGo 700LX
·
Poqet PC Classic
·
Poqet PC Plus
·
Sharp PC-3000
1.2.11. Laptop computer
A
laptop computer is also a portable computer that can be easily moved from one
place to another. Its operating system is like a desktop computer. Modern
laptop computers have features like floppy drive, CD-ROM, CD-ROM writer, and
can be connected to a keyboard, USB data cable. There are available in
different screen sizes. They are quite expensive. They have an internal battery
that can be charged and the laptop can also be operated with the help of a
direct power through charger.
1.3.
Answer: The history of computers has
spread from China to Abacus and analytical engines to modern digital computers.
It is divided into five generations. The computers that was developed in each
generation had different characteristics. Which are given below.
1.3.1. The
first generation of computers (1940-1956).
In this generation, mainly
batch processing operating system was used. Punch cards, paper tape, and
magnetic tape was used as input and output devices. The computers in this
generation used machine code as the programming language.
The main features of the
first generation are.
·
Vacuum tube technology
·
Unreliable
·
Supported machine language only
·
Very costly
·
Low memory & slow speed
·
Generated a lot of heat
·
Slow input and output devices
·
Huge size
·
Need of AC
·
Non-portable
·
Consumed a lot of electricity
·
Output was printed through patch card
Examples of First Computer
Generation
·
UNIVAC I
·
ENIAC
·
EDVAC
·
IBM-701
·
IBM-650
·
IBM 604,
·
Mark-I
ENIAC
The
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator was the first electronics
digital computer designed in 1942 by John William Mauchly and John Eckert
(Eckert & Mauchly). It was very heavy and consumed up to 140 watts.
UNIVAC
Eckert
Mauchly established an Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company and made Universal
Automatic Computer for commercial purposes in 1947. It was their first complete
UNIVAC machine that was given to
United States Census Bureau on March 31, 1951. It was the first computer to be
developed for both scientific and commercial applications.
1.3.2. Second
Generation Computers (1956-1963)
Features and examples of
second-generation computers.
·
They used transistors instead of vacuum tubes
·
It reduced the size of the computer.
·
It has less heat up and also has to reduce the
cooling arrangement.
·
Computer speed is 50% higher than vacuum tube.
·
Computers have become more reliable and
cheaper.
·
Second generation computers used punch card
readers, magnetic tapes, magnetic disks and printers.
·
High level programming language FORTRAN
(Formula Translator) and COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language) were introduced.
·
Batch processing and Multiprogramming Operating
system were used.
- Faster than first generation
computers,Still very costly,AC required for colling
- Supported machine and
assembly languages
Examples:
·
UNIVAC II
·
IBM 7030،7780 7090،1620،7094
·
IMB 1400 series
·
NCR
·
General Electric GE 635
·
Control Data Corporation’s CDC 1604
·
UNIVAC 1108
1.3.3. Third
Generation Computers (1971-1963).
In
place of the transistor the IC chip (semiconductor chip) was used in the third
generation. The IC chip, made in 1960, contains thousands of transistors within
an IC. The invention of IC brought revolutionized in the computer industry. The
concept of the IC was conceived by American electrical engineer Jack St. Clair
Club. Clair Kilby, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2000, presented it on
September 12, 1958.
Features
and examples of third generation computers.
·
IC was used in third generation.
·
·
They use less power.
·
They are Small in size, cheap and reliable
·
Keyboard and monitor were used with third
generation.
- Generated less heat &Faster
- Lesser maintenance
- Costly & AC required
- Supported high-level
language
Examples:
·
Burroughs 6700
·
IBM System/360
·
System 3 and Control Data Corporation’s 3300
and 6600
·
Honeywell-6000 series
·
PDP(Personal Data Processor)
·
IBM-370/168
·
TDC-316
·
UNIVAC 9000
·
UNIVAC 1108
1.3.4.
Fourth Generation Computers (1971 to Present).
Below
are some features and examples of fourth generation computers.
·
Microcomputers were developed due
to microprocessors.
·
Fast Speed, large storage
capacity and modern input and output devices.
·
Microcomputers are small in size,
highly reliable, low power consumption and low cost.
·
Graph User (Interface GHI) was
created in these computers.
·
The Internet was introduced, Computers
became easily available everywhere.
·
Pipeline processing.
·
It supports multimedia software
(text, image, voice and video).
·
This sport Modern Program
Language Visual Basic, C ++, Java and Python for development of many powerful
software.
·
Fourth Generation uses portable
wireless input and output devices.
·
VLSI technology used,Very cheap
& Very small size
·
Great developments in the fields
of networks
Some of
the microprocessors that were made during Fourth Generation are as follows.
·
Intel Pentium series
·
Dual Core
·
Core2 Duo
·
Core i3, i5, i7
·
AMD Athlon
Examples:
·
IBM ThinkPad series
·
HP Pavilion series
·
Dell Inspiron series
·
Apple’s MacBook Pro
·
MacBook Air series
·
STAR 1000
·
CRAY-1(Super Computer)
·
CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer)
1.3.5.
Fifth generation computers
The
goal of this generation is to create a device that understands natural language
and has the power to think. This is a huge challenge for computer developers
and programmers to design such systems and software. The fifth computer
generation aims to create such type of computers that can understand
natural language as input and have the ability to remember and organize things
themselves (artificial intelligence). All the high-level languages like C and
C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation.
Features
and examples of fifth generation computers.
·
·
It reduces the need to write programs.
·
It allows the user to give commands in any
natural language such as English etc.
·
Further innovation in parallel processing.
·
Development of true artificial intelligence
·
Development of Natural language processing
·
Advancement in Superconductor technology
·
More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia
features
·
Availability of very powerful and compact
computers at cheaper rates
Examples:
·
Robot and Expert System
·
Neural network
·
Gameplay
·
Desktop
·
Laptop
·
Notebook
·
Ultrabook
·
Chromebook
1.4. Draw a
block diagram of a computer system and write the work of different blocks.
The
word computer is derived from “compute” which means counting / calculation so it is a
calculating device that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The
computer basically consists of three parts: input devices, output devices and
central Processing unit.
·
Input devices
·
Output devices
·
CPU (Central Processing unit)
·
Storage devices
·
Arithmetic unit
·
Control unit
1.4.1.
Input devices:
A
set of information or instructions is provided to a computer / PC with the help
of input devices such as keyboard, mouse, and scanner. The input devices
receive data and after computer processing the output is displayed on the
printer, monitor. The input devices provide the data to the primary storage
devices.
1.4.2. Output
devices:
Output
devices display the results provided by the computer. The data / information
given to the computer is in analog form like audio signal etc. The computer
processes it into a binary language and then converts it back into a language
that easily understand by user.
1.4.3. Central
Processing Unit:
It
is called the heart or brain of a computer; it is an electronic hardware device
that performs all logical and arithmetic operations. It is also called a processor,
it processes whatever instructions it receives from input devices and the
output results are displayed on a monitor. The central processing unit also
controls all the operations of the other unit of the computer. The Central
Processing Unit also has two more component arithmetic logic units and a
control unit.
1.4.4.
The
control unit establishes a connection between the activities that take place in
the computer. It takes information / instructions or directions from the main
memory of the computer. It then tells the logic unit, memory, input devices and
output devices how to handle the program or instruction better. When it receives
a set of information or instructions, it converts them into control signals.
And these signals are sent to the central processor for further processing and
finally decides which instruction to be execute first process first and which the
order to do is.
1.4.5. Arithmetic
unit and logic unit:
This block performs arithmetic and
logic functions when a set of instructions or programs is provided to it. The
arithmetic unit performs both arithmetic and logic operations. In arithmetic
operations (addition, subtraction, division and multiplication) take place
while the logic unit performs tasks such as (and, or, equal, low value, high
value).
And the
results provided by the arithmetic logic unit are sent to the store or
temporary memory.
1.4.6. Storage
unit:
There
are two types of storage devices used in computers. Primary storage devices
such as RAM and ROM while secondary storage devices store data in hard disk
drive or pen drive. Storage devices store information / instructions / results.
1.4.7. Primary
storage:
This
is called main memory or RAM. In it, a set of data or instructions is stored in
the primary memory before processing. This data is transferred to the
arithmetic logic unit where further processing can be done. Primary storage
Devices cannot store huge data and this stored data is temporary. When the
computer is turned off, this data is lost. This is called temporary memory and
it is expensive. An example of primary storage is the L1 cache memory of the
processor.
1.4.8. Secondary
storage:
These
are called permanent storage units. The data stored in that drives is
permanently stored and the data stored in it is not lost even when the computer
is off / shut down. Their cost is low. Hard disk drive and zip drive are
examples of secondary storage devices.
1.5. Define
Bit, Byte, RAM and ROM.
1.5.1.
Define a bit.
It
is the smallest unit of storage. The unit used to determine the amount of
computer data is called a bit (binary digit). It consists of a single binary
value of 0 or 1. For example, "Mbps" means mega bit per
second (not in megabytes per second). Processor architecture is also defined in
32-bit or 64-bit. 32-bit is known as x86 and 64-bit is known as x64. X64 handles
more data than 32-bit. The bit is denoted by a small "b” letter.
For example, if a file is 4KB in size, it will actually be 4000 bytes or 32000
bits.
1.5.2. Define
bytes.
A
group of 8 bits is called a byte. A byte usually represents a single character
(letter, number, or symbol).by pressing a button on the keyboard, information
containing a byte reaches the CPU. Byte is the
Basic unit of computer
memory. Files, storage devices and storage capacity are measured in bytes. The
byte is denoted by the capital
|
Memory
capacity conversion chart |
||
|
Memory
Unit |
Shortened(symbol) |
Capacity(size) |
|
Bit |
b |
1
or 0 (on or off) |
|
Byte |
B |
8
bits |
|
Kilobyte |
KB |
1024
bytes |
|
Megabyte |
MB |
1024
kilobytes |
|
Gigabyte |
GB |
1024
megabytes |
|
Terabyte |
TB |
1024
gigabytes |
|
Petabyte |
PB |
1024
terabytes |
|
Exabyte |
EB |
1024
petabytes |
|
Zettabyte |
ZB |
1024
exabytes |
|
Yottabyte |
YB |
1024
zettabytes |
Things to remember
When
the unit is written in
Example: Convert 240
megabytes of memory into bytes and kilobytes.
Solution.
1.5.3. Memories:
The
memory unit stores data and programs that the computer executes and also stores
the results generated after processing the ALU. There are three types of
memories on the motherboard such as ROM, RAM and Cache Memory these are called
main Memories or primary memories.
1.5.4. Define
Rom:
It
consists of an IC chip and is installed on top of the motherboard. It basically
stores the input / output system (BIOS) that controls the input / output
devices and the startup or boot process. The BIOS program tests the component
when the computer is turned on, then loads the operating system into RAM,
making the computer ready for operation. BIOS programs are permanently stored
in RAM during manufacturing. This is a non-volatile memory. This means that
when power is turned off, there is no loss of store information. There are
three types of ROMs.
1) PROM (Programmable Read
Only Memory)
2) E-PROM (Erasable
Programmable Read Only Memory)
3) EE PROM (Electronically
Erasable programmable read only memory).
1.5.5. Define
RAM:
RAM
is a high-speed memory that is installed on the motherboard. It is a read /
write memory and Information can be read and written on it. When Microprocessor
execute a Programs then programs are loaded into RAM from secondary storage
devices (hard drives and USB flash drives). This is a volatile memory. This
means that when the power is turned off, the stored information is lost. The
RAM module is placed in the memory slots on the motherboard. RAM holds program
instructions and data while CPU works with them.
When the program is launched,
it is loaded into memory and run from there. When the program needs data, it is
loaded into memory for soft access. When any new data is entered into the computer it
is also stored in memory but it is temporary. Data read and write is done from
the same memory hence it is also called read / write memory. RAM affects the
speed of computer when high value of RAM is installed computer processes faster
so its speed also increases. Nowadays it is necessary to have at least 4GB of RAM.
|
Actual Value (Bytes) |
Approximate Value (Bytes) |
Abbreviation |
Unit |
|
1024 |
1000 |
Kb |
Kilo Byte |
|
1045576 |
1000000(1 million) |
MB |
Mega byte |
|
1073741824 |
1000000000(1 BILLION) |
GB |
Giga byte |
|
1099511627776 |
1000000000000(1 Trillion) |
TB |
Tera bayte |
1.5.6. Cache
memory
It is located inside the microprocessor or on top of
the motherboard. It is the smallest and fastest memory. It is also called CPU
memory. It is more expensive than RAM. It stores program instructions,
information, or data that the computer is using frequently. So, the processor
quickly receives information from the cache memory instead of taking
information from the main memory, when the computer's data is accessed so
quickly and the average access time is reduced, the computer over all speed
also increases.
|
1.5.7. Comparison
between RAM & ROM |
|||
|
Sr # |
Key |
RAM |
ROM |
|
1 |
Definition |
RAM stands for Random Access
Memory. |
ROM stands for Read Only
Memory. |
|
2 |
Data Retention |
RAM data is volatile. Data is
present till power supply is present. |
ROM data is permanent. Data remains
even after power supply is not present. |
|
3 |
Data Access |
RAM data can be read, erased or
modified. |
ROM data is read only. |
|
4 |
Usage |
RAM is used to store data that
CPU needs for current instruction processing. |
ROM is used to store data that
in needed to bootstrap the computer. |
|
5 |
Speed |
RAM speed is quite high. |
ROM speed is slower than RAM. |
|
6 |
CPU Access |
CPU can access data stored on
RAM. |
Data to be copied from ROM to
RAM so that CPU can access its data. |
|
7 |
Capacity |
RAM memory is large and high
capacity. |
ROM is generally small and of
low capacity. |
|
8 |
Usage |
RAM is used as CPU Cache,
Primary Memory. |
ROM is used as firmware by
microcontrollers. |
|
9 |
Cost |
RAM is costly. |
ROM is cheap. |
|
10 |
Types |
Types of RAM are static RAM and
dynamic RAM. |
Types of ROM are PROM, EPROM,
and EEPROM. |
1.6. Identify
input & output devices.
|
Sr.No |
Input Devices |
Output Device |
|
1 |
Keyboard |
VDU |
|
2 |
VDU (Visual Display unit) |
Line printer |
|
3 |
Mouse |
Dot matrix printer |
|
4 |
Light pen |
Daisy wheel printer |
|
5 |
Scanner |
Laser printer |
|
6 |
Joystick |
Color graphic terminal |
|
7 |
Voice recognizer |
Graph plotter |
|
8 |
Card Reader |
Floppy drive |
|
9 |
Digitizer |
Tape drive |
|
10 |
Floppy drive |
Cartridge tape drive |
|
11 |
Disk drive |
Disk drive |
|
12 |
Tape drive |
|
|
13 |
Cartridge tape drive |
|
|
14 |
OCR (Optical Character Reader) |
|
|
15 |
OMR (Optical Mark Reader) |
|
Input
devices are used to feed input data into the computer. They are the means of
communication with the computer. The list of computer input devices is given above
table.
1.6.1.
Keyboard:
It is a main input device
used for communication with computers. Keyboard is used to enter letters,
numbers and special characters into computer. It consists of 84 keys or 102/101
keys but now Keyboards with 104 and 108 keys are also available. It has several
keys. A-Z keys and 0 to 9 keys are used for digit typing. keyboard contains 17
numeric keys like Control keys Home, End, Contains Insert, Delete, Page Up,
Page Down, Control (Ctrl), Alternate (Alt), Escape (Esc) as well as Special
Purpose Keys Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.
1.6.2. Mouse:
1.6.3. Microphone:
1.6.4.
A scanner is a device that
creates an image (photo) of photographs, magazines, books, magazines, etc. The
image can be edited and displayed on the screen and inserted into the document.
1.6.5.
Also
called a bar code scanner, it consists of a light source, a number of lenses
and a light sensor that translates optical pulses into electrical. It is an
electronic device that reads the bar code printed on the product. This code
gives the details and price of the product. This information is used by the
computer to print the bill for the customer. There are five types of bar code
readers.
·
Pen Wands
·
Slot Scanners
·
Charge-Couple Device (CCD)
Scanners
·
Image Scanners
·
Laser Scanners
1.6.6.
Digital camera
1.6.7.
It has a pressure sensitive
display screen that receives commands when the finger touches the screen. When
the finger touches a picture or a word on the screen, it opens. In other words,
the finger acts like a mouse. It is used in mobile phones and tablets.
1.6.8. System unit:
It is the main part of the
computer. It consists of the motherboard, power supply and drives (hard disk
drive and DVD) and these parts are enclosed in a computer casing. All input
devices / output devices of the computer are connected with system units with
the help of port.
1.6.9. Motherboard(
Logic board, main circuit board, system board,
base board):
The
mother board is a main circuit board inside the computer system. This printed
circuit board has a microprocessor, main memory, X pension card, several IC
chips, connectors and other electronics components on top of the PCB. In
addition, many buses (electric pathways) are printed on PCB, Buses do the work of fetching
and carrying data. Information is transmitted between all the components of the
computer through these busses. All input devices / output devices are connected
to the motherboard. The motherboard holds all the components of the computer.
1.6.10. Microprocessor:
The
microprocessor is a chip on the motherboard and controls all the activities of
the computer. It is called the central processing unit or processor. It
consists of a control unit, an arithmetic logic unit and registers and performs
the work of Comparisons. It consists of two sections.
The arithmetic unit and logic
unit and the arithmetic unit performs all the arithmetic
operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) while the logic
unit performs logical operations such as comparing, selecting,
matching, and merging of data. The control unit controls the
operation of all the components of the computer. It controls the work of all
the input devices / output devices, storage devices and arithmetic logic units.
The control unit loads the program into memory and then execute it.
Microprocessor consists of complex circuits
1.6.11. Joy
stick:
1.6.12. Light
Pen
1.6.13. Track
Ball
Track ball is an input device that is mostly
used in notebook or laptop computer, instead of a mouse. This is a ball which
is half inserted and by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be moved. Since
the whole device is not moved, a track ball requires less space than a mouse. A
track ball comes in various shapes like a ball, a button, or a square.
1.6: Write down the computer's output Devices and
describe the tasks.
Output
devices are used to view text, graphs and images on a monitor or to print on a
printer. Information that is displayed on a monitor or in the form of a file
inside a computer is called a soft copy. Soft copy is emailed and the
information that is printed on a piece of paper is called hard copy. Some of
the popular output devices are as follows.
1.6.14. Monitor:
A
monitor or LCD is an output device. Information can be viewed on its screen. There
are two types of CRT (cathode ray tube) and LCD (liquid crystal display). CRT
is similar to old television and almost obsolete due to its large size and
weight and low display quality now LCDs are being used everywhere due to its
low weight and low power consumption. It forms images from tiny dots, called
pixels that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness of the image
depends upon the number of pixels. The smaller the pixels, the better the image
clarity or resolution and picture will be clearer.
1.6.15. Printer:
There
are two types of printers −
·
Impact Printers
·
Non-Impact Printers
1.6.16. Impact
Printers
Impact
printers print the characters by striking them on the ribbon, which is then
pressed on the paper.
Characteristics
of Impact Printers are the following −
·
Very low consumable costs
·
Make noise during printing.
·
Their printing quality is low
·
It creates a physical contact on the paper and
creates an image of the character on the paper.
·
They are used to print voice, bank statements
and utility bills.
These
printers are of two types −
·
Character printers
·
Line printers
1.6.17. Character
Printers
Character
printers are the printers which print one character at a time.
These
are further divided into two types:
- Dot Matrix
Printer (DMP)
- Daisy
Wheel
1.6.18. Dot
Matrix Printer
In
the market, one of the most popular printers is Dot Matrix Printer. These
printers are popular because of their ease of printing and economical price.
Each character printed is in the form of pattern of dots and head consists of a
Matrix of Pins of size (5*7, 7*9, 9*7 or 9*9) which come out to form a
character which is why it is called Dot Matrix Printer.
·
Inexpensive
·
Widely Used
·
Other language characters can be printed
Disadvantages
·
Slow Speed
·
1.6.19.
Line Printers
Line printers are the printers
which print one line at a time.
These are of two types.
- Drum
Printer
- Chain
Printer
1.6.20. Non-impact Printers
Non-impact printers print the
characters without using the ribbon. These printers print a complete page at a
time, thus they are also called as Page Printers.
These printers are of two types.
- Laser Printers
- Inkjet Printers
Characteristics of Non-impact Printers
- Faster than impact printers
- They are not noisy
- High quality
- Supports many fonts and different character
size
1.6.21. Laser Printers
These are
non-impact page printers. They use laser lights to produce the dots needed to
form the characters to be printed on a page. These are
called page printers. They are a type of non-impact printer. They support high
speed, high printing quality and many fonts and character sizes. They are very
expensive. Their technology is photocopy machine.
- Very high speed
- Very high-quality output
- Good graphics quality
- Supports many fonts and different character
size
Disadvantages
- Expensive
- Cannot be used to produce multiple copies of a
document in a single printing
1.6.22. Inkjet Printers
Inkjet printers are non-impact
character printers based on a relatively new technology. They print characters by
spraying small drops of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers produce high quality
output with presentable features. They make less noise because no hammering is
done and these have many styles of printing modes available. Color printing is
also possible. Some models of Inkjet printers can produce multiple copies of
printing also.
- High quality printing
- More reliable
Disadvantages
- Expensive as the cost per page is high
- Slow as compared to laser printer
1.6.23. Plotter:
It is also an output device used in
printing large size paper of engineering drawings, machine parts, building
design, maps, charts and drink flakes etc. Such printing is not possible with a
printer. It is more expensive than a printer. There are two types of it.
·
Ink
plotter
·
Pan
plotter
Ink plotter is used for printing images while pan
plotter is used in engineering drawing, machine parts and building design. The
printing quality is very good but its printing speed is low.
1.6.24. Speaker:
It is a transducer that converts electrical signals
into audio signals. The speaker is attached to the sound card on the
motherboard. It takes input from the sound card and produces the audio output.
And is connected to an internal amplifier to amplify the audio signal. The external speakers are in the form of a pair. They produce
stereo sound from two separate channels. They are often connected externally. The CPU has an internal speaker.
1.7. Describe secondary storage devices.
Answer:
Storage
devices are used to store large amount data and programs permanently. The
purpose of using these storage devices is as follows.
·
The
computer's main memory is not permanent, which means that when the computer is
off / shut down, data and programs will be lost, so storage devices store data
permanently.
·
The
capacity of main memory of the computer is low but the capacity of storage
devices is quite high.
Storage devices are also called backup storage devices / auxiliary
storage devices. The storage capacity of storage devices varies in size.
1.7.1. Hard disk:
|
Capacity table of different hard disk drives |
|||||||
|
Capacity |
Digital Photos |
Digital Photos |
Songs |
Songs |
Digital Video |
DVD-Quality Video* |
HD Video* |
|
16GB |
3,200 |
330 |
4,000 |
400 |
1 |
6 |
1 |
|
32GB |
6,400 |
660 |
8,000 |
800 |
2 |
12 |
3 |
|
64GB |
12,000 |
1,330 |
16,000 |
1,600 |
4 |
24 |
7 |
|
128GB |
25,000 |
2,660 |
32,000 |
3,200 |
9 |
49 |
15 |
|
500GB |
100,000 |
10,000 |
125,000 |
12,500 |
38 |
190 |
60 |
|
1TB (1,000GB) |
200,000 |
20,000 |
250,000 |
25,000 |
76 |
380 |
120 |
|
4TB |
800,000 |
83,000 |
1,000,000 |
100,000 |
300 |
1540 |
480 |
|
8TB |
1,600,000 |
166,000 |
2,000,000 |
200,000 |
610 |
3080 |
960 |
|
12TB |
2,400,000 |
250,000 |
3,000,000 |
300,000 |
920 |
4620 |
1440 |
1.7.2. CD
The
CD stands for Compact Disc. It is also a portable optical storage device. It
has a capacity of up to 700 megabytes and can store 80 minutes of audio. It is
1.2 mm thick and has a diameter of 120 mm (4.7 inch). It weights up to 15 to 20
grams. CD Writer (CD Drive) is used to read and write data from a CD.
1.7.3. DVD
DVD stands for
Digital Versatile Disc. Its thickness and diameter are similar to CDs but its
storage capacity (4 to 16 gigabytes) exceeds that of CDs. A DVD writer is
installed inside the computer Reads and writes DVD data.CD can be used in DVD
Writer.
1.7.4. Memory card
It is a small
storage device with a storage capacity of up to a few gigabytes. It is in the
form of a chip. Their storage capacity varies. It is used in laptops,
computers, portable devices such as mobile phones and digital cameras (photos,
audio and video) to store data. Below is a list of some popular memory cards.
·
MicroSD
·
MMC
·
SD Card
1.7.5. USB flash drive
USB
A USB flash drive
is also a storage device that connects directly to a computer via a USB port.
It is also called USB memory. It has a storage capacity up to 128 GB.
1.7.6. Magnet tape:
Magnet tape is an
oldest medium for storing data permanently. Magnet tape consists of a thin
plastic ribbon. This tape consists of a coating of magnetic material. It is
also called a read / write device. It reads / writes data in a sequence. Its
speed is slower than other storage devices.
1.7.7. Floppy disk:
1.7.8. Blu-ray Disk:
Typical pre-BD-XL Blu-ray discs can store up
to 25 GB data per layer, Triple layer discs (100 GB), while quad-repeater layer
disks can store up to (128 GB) data. Sony built
the Blu-ray Disc prototype in October 2000, and the first Prototype Player was
released in Japan in 2003.
USES
·
Xbox One games
1.8.
Define computer software and describe its different types.
Answer:
Computer
programs are called software. A program is a sequence of instructions written
to solve a particular problem. A computer program consists of a set of
instructions that tells the computer what to do and how to perform a function.
A computer cannot do any work without instructions. When a computer uses a
program, it means that the computer is now running or executing the program.
They have two categories.
·
System
software
·
Application
software
1.8.1. System software
System software is a collection of programs that actually make the computer
easier to use. Only computer programmers with a lot of experience create system
software. System software acts as an interface between the hardware and the
user. There are the following types of system software.
·
Operating
software
·
Device drive
·
Utility
program
·
Language
processors.
1.8.2. Operating software:
Examples such as Windows,
Macintosh operating system and Linux operating system are very important for a
computer because it act as interpreter between hardware, application programs
and user. When the program wants that hardware to do something, it communicates
through the operating system. Similarly, when you want the hardware to do
something like copy or print a file, your application is handled in the
operating system.
While the utility program simplifies computer use
and performs high-function tasks these programs perform disk managing,
troubleshooting hardware problems, and performs other tasks that computers
cannot perform automatically.
Operating software is software that
performs the coordination and management of all computer activities. Operating
software allows the user to operate the computer by interacting directly with
the computer hardware. The most popular operating system used in microcomputers
is "Windows". The operating system performs the following tasks.
·
It loads and
executes the program into memory.
·
It controls
the operation of input devices / output devices and storage devices.
·
It manages
files and folders.
·
Users can
create an account and set a password to protect the system from unauthorized
user access.
·
Screen
resolution can be adjusted. Internet setting can be done.
·
Various
software can be installed / deleted.
·
Displays the
message in case of hardware failure so that it can be fixed.
1.8.3. Device driver.
It is a system of software that
controls the operation of computer devices. When a user attaches a webcam,
printer, mobile phone or scanner to a computer, drivers must be installed to
operate them, otherwise computer cannot perform printing or scanning.
1.8.4. Utility program.
Utility programs perform specific
tasks for the computer (related to computer management). Here are some popular
utility programs that perform specific tasks.
Window explorer: It manages files
and folders.
Backup Utility: Used to back up
data.
WinZip Utility: This is used to
compress the file.
Diagnostic Utility: Used to detect
hardware and software problems.
Antivirus software: These are used to
detect and delete viruses.
1.8.5. Language processors.
A
language processor is a system program that translates a computer program into
a machine language. The machine language can be understood directly by the
computer, so all the programs are translated into machine language, then the
computer executes them, compiler and the interpreter are two language
processors. They translate high level language programs into machine language.
The assembler translates the assembly language into machine language.
1.8.6. Application
software
Application
software is developed to solve problems of users such as creating letters,
managing databases and preparing presentations. Here is some popular
application software.
·
Microsoft Office (Microsoft Word,
Excel and PowerPoint). It is used to creating text documents, newsletters,
brochures, presentations and managing and calculating data, making pay slips,
budgeting, and electronic slideshows.
·
Database management
software: are used to organize more data such as name, address, phone number in the
directory.
·
Graphic programs: These are used
for designing illustrations, arranging photos, movies and animations.
·
Web browser software: used to view
web pages also used for email and internet surfing. Here are some more
examples.
·
Student record system software
·
Inventory management software
·
Railway reservation software
·
Income tax software
·
Payroll software
·
Productivity software
·
Business software
·
Entertainment software
·
Education software included.
1.8.7.
Productivity software.
With
the help of this software, daily work (making letters, making charts, making
pay slips) and monthly calculations can be done in a much better and more
organized way.
1.8.8. Business
software
The
software used to better manage of business is called business software. Here are
some popular business software: Accounting, sales and marketing, inventory
control, project management and payroll software. Here are some of the software
used in the business.
·
Word processing programs
·
Account software
·
Billing software
·
Payroll software
·
Database software
·
Desktop publishing programs
In addition, the
following are the top business management software.
·
ProofHub
·
Todo.vu
·
Zoho
One
·
Scoro
·
iBE.net
·
Odoo
·
Netsuite
·
Timecamp
·
Bitrix24
·
Apptivo
1.8.9.
Entertainment software
Software
that provides entertainment to people are called entertainment software, video
games, video games, software that provide entertainment as well as enhance
typing and reading skills. In addition to this, games and education software
are combined in edutainment software which provides entertainment as well as
education.
1.8.10. Education
software
Software
used for educational purposes are called education software, typing tutor,
typing master, spelling tutor, language learning, medical and healthcare,
driving test and flight simulation software are education software. More
educational software are as follows: Botany, Anatomy, Chemistry, Physics, Math,
Computer Science, Engineering, History, Music, Touch Typing Software, Student
Information System, Class Ram Management Software and Systems, artificial
intelligence software, drills and practice software, etc.
1.8.11.
Open source software, shareware
and freeware:
1.8.11.1.
Open source
software
It
is a computer software that is in the form of source code. It provides the user
with features like reading, modification and refinement and new features can be
added to it. These software are free to use, modification and distribution below
are some popular open source software like Linux operating system, Open Office
(Office Productivity Software), Flight Gear (Flight (Simulator and Java
programming language).
Examples of open source software are –
·
Apache HTTP
web server
·
Mozilla’s
Firefox web browser
·
Thunderbird
email client
·
database
system
·
GNU compiler
collection
·
Moodle
·
Open Office
·
PHP
·
Perl
1.8.11.2.
Shareware.
These
are provided for specific periods for 1 month or 4 months. A trial version is
given free to people to use and check if they like to buy the full version of
this software. These type of software are deactivate after passing a free
trial.
Some examples of
shareware software are –
·
Adobe acrobat 8 professional
·
PHP Debugger 2.1.3.3
·
Win zip
·
Getright
·
IDM
1.8.11.3.
Freeware
They
are absolutely free and are given for an unlimited time. The user can download
and use them from the Internet. They do not allow the user to modify them. They
are close sources.
Google Chrome,
Mozilla Firefox, Yahoo Messenger, MSN Messenger, VLC Media Player, Skype, and
the PDF file reader Adobe Acrobat are examples of freeware software’s.
1.8.11.4.
Proprietary
Software
These software
are not free and are restricted to use, distribution and modification. These
are copyrighted software.
1.9. Introduction
to programs languages.
Answer:
Any
notation for description of algorithm and data structure may be terms as
programming languages. Programming
language refers to instructions given to a computer in which computer can
understand. In fact, these languages are used to communicate with the
computer. A hint / symbol for defining algorithms and data structures is called
a programming language. Program languages are used for software, mobile, game, and
web development.
1.9.1. JavaScript
Web
development is difficult without JavaScript. It is the most popular language
and is used by about 100% of web developer.
It is the best language for web page development. It is compatible with all
modern browsers and is very flexible in its syntax. Being a front-end language,
on the server side it is uses through node. It is a client-side programming
language that runs inside the client's browser and processes commands on the
computer instead of the server. It uses HTML or ASP file. It is used by
JavaScript developers, web developers, software engineers, design, marketing,
finance, gaming developers and healthcare professionals. It is used by the
following organizations like Word Press, Sound cloud, LinkedIn, Group on, and
Yahoo. Also, in web development, tasks such as sorting web page elements,
scrolling features, printing time and date, creating calendars and used to
create games and to make APIs that are not possible with simple HTML. JavaScript
is the world's most popular programming language.
·
JavaScript is the programming
language of the Web and easy to learn
·
JavaScript helps you create
really beautiful and crazy fast websites.
·
You can develop your website with
a console like look and feel and give your users the best Graphical User
Experience.
·
Due to high demand, there is tons
of job growth and high pay for those who know JavaScript. You can navigate over
to different job sites to see what having JavaScript skills looks like in the
job market.
1.9.2. Python
It was developed
in 1980 at Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica in the Netherlands and was
released to the public in 1991.Python's syntax is clear and similar to ordinary
English. It is very popular in scientific computing, machine learning software
engineering. It is used by the following organizations like Google, Pinterest,
Instagram, YouTube, Drop Box, NASA, ESRI It is suitable for Rapid Application
Develop (RAD). NASA is using Python language as standard scripting
language in integrated planning system.
1.9.3.
Java.
It is 99% object
oriented. It is similar to C ++. It is a high-level language. It is cross
platform compatible. It can be used with any device. It provides a base for the
Android operating system and is used by over 500 companies to create various
backend applications. Java is a popular programming language, created in 1995.
It is used for:
·
Mobile applications (especially
Android apps)
·
Desktop applications
·
Web applications
·
Web servers and application
servers
·
Games
·
Database connection
Why Use Java?
·
Java works on different platforms
(Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc.)
·
It is one of the most popular
programming languages in the world
·
It is easy to learn and simple to
use open-source and free
·
It is secure, fast and powerful
·
It has a huge community support
(tens of millions of developers)
·
Java is an object-oriented
language which gives a clear structure to programs and allows code to be
reused, lowering development costs
1.9.4.
C / C ++.
It
was introduced in 1970 and is very important in programming. It is a parent
language. The Linux operating system relies on c language. C ++ is actually a
hybrid version of c. C ++ is an object-oriented programming language and is
preferred in high level applications. It is the best and most reliable language
because the code is typed and checked before it is executed, it is used in
gaming, computer graphs. It is an additional form of C language. It is used in
C ++ software integrator, C ++ software developer, embedded engineers,
programmer analysts, quality control and management.
Used by the
following organizations such as Google, Mozilla, Firefox, Winamp, Adobe
Software, Amazon, Lockheed Martin. It is used in computer programs, package
software, and office applications, graphic and video editors. In addition,
Blackberry's operating system has been developed using C ++. The new Microsoft
Office suite has been developed using C ++. It was released in 1983.
1.9.5. PHP.
This
is an open source scripting language called Hypertext Transfer Processor,
designed to repair personal homepages and is used to create web pages that work
with databases. It runs on the language server and it is used to create web
pages that are written in HTML. It is free and easy to set up is easy for new
programs. It is a great choice for web developers. It is used by PHP
Developer-PHP Software Engineer, Professional Services, Health Services,
Management and Finance. It is used by the following organizations such as
Facebook, Yahoo, Cyber Coders, Next Gen. It is free and open source. It can be
used with all operating systems and web servers. It was released in 1995.
1.9.6. Swift
It
is a commonly used, open source, compiled programming language developed by
Apple Inc for iOS and OS X. It is fast, secure, and easy to read / debug.
Unlike c ++, it requires less code and its language is English. It is used by
Swift Platform Developer, IOS Mobile Application Developer, Software Developer,
Senior Programmers, Data Encryption, Information Technology, Engineering,
Design, Management and Professional Services. It is used by the following
organizations such as Apple, Getty Images, Slack, Dow Jones, and Playlist
Media.
1.9.7. C-Sharp.
It
is a Powerful Full Object-Oriented Program Language developed by Microsoft in
2000 and became ISO standard in 2003. It is used for the development of Desktop
applications. It is good for Web Application Cation, Design and Professional
Services, Management and Quality Control desktop applications, and 2D, 3D
gaming, Cross-platform tools such as Xamarin are also written in C-Sharp which
makes it compatible with all devices. It is used by the following organizations
such as Microsoft Intel, Hewlett Packard it helps the developers to build
applications such as Microsoft .NET for operating systems and XML web services.
1.9.8. Ruby
It
is an open source, dynamic programming language. It was created by Japan in
1990 to shorten the program. It is a high-level language and is similar to
English. It is used by the following organizations Such as Github, Scribed, and
Group on, NASA Langley Research Center, Motorola, and Google (Sketch Up) for
web app development, networking, robots, system administration, stimulation, 3D
modeling, security, as well as managing and tracking information. Basecamp,
Amazon, Twitter and Group on are all built using Ruby. It can be copied,
modified and distributed. It was designed in 1995.
1.9.9. Object-C.
Object-c
is an object-oriented programming language used by APPLE in the operating
system X and IOS operating system and application programming interface. It was
developed in 1980. It can also be called a hybrid c. It is used in IT and web
administrator, IOS, Android mobile developer, software engineering. It is used
by organizations like Apple, Cyber Coders. Apple made it in 1983 and issued it NeXT
license in 1988.
1.9.10. SQL
SQL
(es-que-el) is also called Structured Query Language. It is a programming
language that operates the database. It is used for storing data, sorting /
organizing and retrieving it. It precise and secure data. It is used in web
frameworks and database applications. It is not a development language but it
is used for editing, accessing and content management in the database and it is
used to perform (Create; Read; Update; Delete) in database. The following
organizations whose data is huge Such as Robert Half Technology, Nigel Frank,
Cyber Coders and United Health Care, etc.
It was developed
at the IBM Research Center in 1974, its original name is SEQUEL. The first
commercial version was introduced by ORACLE in 1979.
1.9.11. HTML
(hypertext markup language).
It
is a standard markup language that is used to create web pages. It formats text
and images and put a tag with them. When they are searched, the internet
browser displays them. HTML is used in webs, technical Editors, Email
Designers, Software Engineers, Design Professional Services, Management,
Marketing, Customer Services and Sales. It is used by the following organizations
such as Apple, Cyber Coders, Apex Systems, and CareerBuilder. It is used to
create electronic documents that are displayed online. When a page is visited,
it is HTML actually that does all the work. It is free and accessible, with
many versions available. It was developed in 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee, a physics
scientist, with the help of which scientists used to share documents online,
before HTML communication was done only through text. Due to this, it became
possible to create "rich" text i.e. formatting of text and creating
visible images.
1.9.12. C
language.
It
is a structure oriented middle level programming language used to build low
level applications. It is used in software developers, computer engineers,
business and systems analytics, web content management, embedded software
engineers, management, healthcare and systems, Used in programming, industrial
automation, computer graphics, space research, image processing, game
programming, artificial intelligence and professional services. It is used by
the following organizations such as Microsoft, Apple, Oracle, Cisco, and
Raytheon. Graph package applications include word processors, spreadsheets,
operating system development, database systems, compilers, configurators,
network drivers and interpreters, etc. It is easy to remember. It has a total
of 32 key words that can be seen or written. It was developed in 1972 at Bell
Labs to implement the UNIX system.
Below is a list
of languages and their uses.
- Front-end web development – JavaScript
- Back-end web development – JavaScript,
Python, Java, PHP, Ruby, C#
- Desktop application – Java, C++, Python
- Mobile development – Swift, Java, C#
- Game development – C++, C#
1.10. Explain application of computer in different
fields.
Answer:
Computer is playing an important role in modern
society. There is no field of life in which computer is not being used. The
invention of computer has brought a great revolution in every walks of life.
Advancement in computers have changed the lifestyle of the people.
The use of computer in some
fields is as follows.
1.10.1. Used
in education.
Over
the years, computers have become very important in the education sector and
have made the process of learning and teaching much easier. Today, there are software
for physics, chemistry, biology, economics and engineering on the Internet that
are very useful for students to enhance their Knowledge at any time. Multimedia
has made the learning process interesting and enjoyable. Through Presentation
in PowerPoint text, image, audio, video and graphs cab be displayed in class. Teachers
deliver lectures to students by connecting multimedia projectors to computers.
These presentations save a lot of effort and time there are thousands of books
related to technology/medical/engineering on the Internet which can be easily
read and printed out. Staff salaries, library box records, preparation of
result cards, student records, fee collection records, holiday records all task
done by the computer. That is why computer has been included as an important
subject in all classes.
1.10.1.1.
Used in online
exams.
Nowadays
in the modern world computers are used for taking online exams and in this
method the paper is checked quickly and there is no chance of any mistake.
Examples GRE, CCNA, CCNP, MICROSOFT OFFICE, GMAT and SAT etc.
1.10.1.2.
CBT (Computer-Based
Training)
CBT
stands for Computer Based Training. In CBT, we prepare different educational
programs with the help of professional teachers and audio-visual aids. These
educational programs are generally in the shape of lectures on a specific
subject. These programs are provided on CDs. Students
will learn as and when they wish and at their own homes. They can view CD
contents, view lecture notes, books or video lectures about their course work
any time they need.
1.10.1.3.
Online
Education
Many web
sites provide online education. You can read or download educational material
and books. For example, Virtual University of Pakistan is an Online Educational
Institution. Students use internet to access VU website. The students log in to
their accounts and e-mail boxes. They interact with different teachers online.
1.10.1.4.
Research
Computers
are also used for research work. Internet is a huge source of information on
any topic. Students of any level can use internet to access useful information
about their projects and research work.
1.10.1.5.
Distance
Learning
In
Distance Learning, the students do not need to come to institutes daily.
The Distance Learning institute will provide the students with study materials
and the students attend the virtual class room. The teachers provide video
lectures to their students. The students may ask questions to their teachers
using network communications and e-mail etc.
1.10.1.6.
Institute
Administration
Computers
are being used to perform many tasks in educational institutions, easily and
quickly:
Keeping Records of students (admission records, attendance and leave records,
fee collection, examination records of students)
·
Storing Records of employees
(payroll, attendance, assignments, project) of school / college
·
Managing Accounts of the
institution
·
Fees collection and maintenance
of fees record.
·
Circulation of
instruction/notices and getting it in printed form
·
Preparation of school/ college
magazine, etc. with the help of Microsoft
Word, a popular word processing software.
1.10.2.
Use of computer in business.
Computers
are used in all types of business. Business are run efficiently which increases
productivity by using computer. Computer is used to prepare business papers,
reports, parts and voice. Computer is a link between the company and the
employees. An important resource is used in a few major businesses.
·
Computer technology has
revolutionized the banking business. Nowadays, money can be received by creating
a bank account on a mobile and can be sent to any other bank account.
·
A monthly bank statement is
generated with the help of computer and electricity bill, utility bill, easy
money, fund transfer and receipt from your account is also done with the help
of computer.
·
Money can be withdrawn and sent
from ATM machine at any time and also the sender and receiver are notified
through an SMS.
·
Online products are sold through
electronic commerce (e-commerce).
·
Similarly, computers are used in hotels,
hospitals, schools, universities, travel agencies, real estate and stock
exchanges.
·
Computer with the internet connection we can start the
business, run the business, and manage the business and we can grow the
business by the use of a computer. Google, Facebook, LinkedIn, Amazon,
and Alibaba all are websites created by the use of computers and the internet.
·
We can’t imagine the daily business operations around the
world without the use of computer.
·
Computer with an internet connection is really important
for businesses. Now they can do Internet marketing, they can sell products and
services online. They can manage; hire employees around the world through the
use of computers and the internet.
·
Any individual today can start their business from home.
Freelancing is a big example. Freelancers are working remotely from home with
the use of computers and the internet.
·
To start earning money by the use of a computer is not so
much tough. You just need to learn or to become a master in a few applications
or programming languages.
·
If someone knows about internet research, data entry, MS
Word, etc. they can start data typing and editing work at home. Such as resume
writing services, eBook writing services.
1.10.3.
Used in defense.
Computers
play an important role in defense systems. Computers are used in tanks, ships
and ships to target the enemy. They are used in missile tracking and
destruction systems, used to make and test weapons. Computer is widely used in defense
communication system. These are used in intercontinental ballistic missiles
that use the Global Positioning System (GPS) and computers to hit the target at
the desired target and.
1.10.4. Use
in media.
Computer
plays a vital role in print and electronic media. Computer is used to prepare
daily newspaper, magazines, pamphlets, drink flakes, brochures, press releases
and boxes. Electronic media includes radio broadcasts, cable and satellite
television. Computers are being used in broadcasting, in Internet and mobile
devices, international sports, underwater research and research laboratories.
1.10.5. Used
in manufacturing.
Nowadays,
computer has gained a prominent position in manufacturing industry, in which computer
has increased the accuracy quality and manufacturing speed. Computer is using to
make drawing and design of machines. This method is called CAD (Computer Aided
Design) and CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing).
·
In CAD, product design is made
using computer hardware and graph software, while in CAM computer is using in management
of product operation and planning.
·
Computer Aided
Design
(CAD) CAD is a system that allows designers to create solutions to problems
within a computer program through the use of illustrations. Designs can be
modelled in 3D and manipulated time and again from all angles. There are many
CAD packages available.
·
Computer Aided
Manufacture
(CAM) CAM is a term used to describe any activity where a machine is programmed
with several instructions to produce a component from a raw material. CAD
packages are commonly used through an interface software to drive the special
machine codes that in turn tell the machine what to do and where to cut and
shape the material.
·
Computer
Numerical Control
(CNC) this is the control of machines using numbers or digital information.
This can be provided manually or through a computer. Generally this is used for
milling and drilling procedures. You may have machine at school with a CNC
interface attached.
1.10.6.
Used in structural engineering.
Computers use to
analyze stress and strain in the design of ships, buildings and airplanes.
1.10.7. Used
in architectural engineering.
Computer-assisted
town planning, building design with 2D and 3D drawing view.
1.10.8. Used
in insurance.
Insurance
companies keep all customer records up to date with the help of computer.
Similarly finance houses and stock brokers also use computer. Insurance
companies maintain database of all their clients such as policy starting date,
next installment minute. Debt, maturity date, rate of return, bonus, etc.
1.10.9. Uses
of the computer in hospitals
Uses
of the computer in the hospital provide many benefits for doctors and patients.
Hospitals can create a database of a patient with their treatment records,
medical records. Doctors are using a computer to diagnose the diseases of
patients faster. The use of computer and its application in hospitals are such
as to do the research on diseases, blood test, and urine test, brain testing,
and body scanning, etc.
1.10.10. Uses
of the computer in the banking sector
Banks
are using a computer to deposit customer money in their account. The cashier
enters the account number of customers in their banking application, they first
confirm the account number and customer details and then enter the deposited
amount in their banking application by the use of the keyboard. This process is
faster and accurate. Banks are also providing ATMs to withdraw and cash deposit
ATMs for their customers.
1.10.11. Kids
Kids
use the computer in their daily life to play games, to use drawing tools, and
to watch funny (cartoon) videos.
1.10.12. Job
seekers
Job
seekers use the computer to learn computer skills that help them to get a job.
They learn to use MS-Office, English and Urdu Typing, Internet research, File
management, printing, MS-Office, use of the business application, and social
media skills in their daily life. Job seekers who are IT literate or have
productive computer skills get a job quicker than people with only job-specific
skills.
1.11. Write the use of computer in engineering, education and
business.
Use of computer
in engineering.
Computer
is playing an important role in modern society. There is no field of life in
which computer is not being used. The invention of computer has brought a
revolution. The use of computers in engineering started in the 80's. Advancements
in computers have changed the lifestyle of the people.
1.11.1. Product engineer
The
product engineer uses science, math and thinking to create a new product or to create
a solution. Usually this work is done by manual drawing then the product is
made but it takes a lot of time. Nowadays engineers rely on computers and can
use computer software to test, design and make any changes to the product in a
very short time. The computer completes this whole task in short time and
improve work quality.
1.11.2. Use of Cad Soft.
CAD
or computer-aided design is a process in which computer software is used to
design new products. With the help of these software, designers and engineers
can develop products in 3-D modeling. Once the design is complete, changes can be
made and the product can be launched in the market immediately.
1.11.3. Use of CFD
software in engineering.
When
engineers are designing heavy products such as airplanes and automobiles, they
take them to the wind tunnel to test whether the design of these products is
right or not and which of them is that gain fastest speed and the wind
resistance has low effect. Higher resistance causes more fuel consumption and
higher overall cost so a design engineer can create a design that is both cheap
and durable.
With the help of computer CFD or computational fluid dynamics software
provides perform such tests. With the help of software its CAD design is tested
in wind tunnel that save time. This calculation is done quickly instead of
wasting time on physical tests.
Sending files.
Prototyping is an important stage in
product development in which engineers create an on-off model for testing. Some
companies have prototyping machines. Engineers can upload their CAD files to
the website and select that what materials and technologies do they want to use
to make these parts?
Making changes.
When
the design needs to be changed, the engineers open the blueprint of the product
and in some cases make the whole design new, but with the help of computer and
CAD software, if there is a need to change, the engineers open the desired file
and send it to the computer in minutes. The computer makes it easier to make
corrections, which is why it is easier for an engineer to make a product and
work with speed.
1.11.4. Uses in
engineering.
Computer
Used in modeling, analyzing and communication. For example, when a person makes
a design using CAD software, he also considers the security measures in it, for
example, when an engineer tries to use a software to analyses that what type
& amount of stress that a bridge will withstand in dangerous weather,
earthquakes, and heavy traffic, so that it can improve its design and get an
idea of what the solution to these problems
will be.
Used in aero scope industry.
In
this field computer uses in aircraft control systems and data management
systems, helicopters and spacecraft, navigation systems, sensing and control
systems that are fully computerized, autopilot landing systems, military radar,
rockets, and missiles designing.
Mechanical engineering
Computers
are used extensively in mechanical engineering, such as robots, fluid
mechanics, solid mechanics, Using computer simulations engineers looks fluid
flow and temperature at places that are not normally accessible, such as the
heart and car engines.
Automation
It
is almost impossible for a human being to perform the same task over and over
again without any changes, so it is difficult for a human being to copy a
single design over and over again, especially when a product has to be made in
large quantities but the computer can do things with high quality without
changing original design. Computers and robots are used for this purpose.
Structural engineering
Computers is used
to analyze stress and strain in the design of ships, buildings and airplanes.
Architectural engineering.
In
this field With the help of AutoCAD, a software installed in computer to make
town planning, building design in 2D & 3D modeling.
1.11.5. Use of computer in business.
Computers
have speeded up the business process. Nowadays, computers are essential for
starting any online / offline business. Computer Business provides power to the
manufacturing, marketing and distribution processes. Computer Contributes in
research, production, marketing, banking, team management, business automation,
data storage, employee management and productivity growth at low cost. Computer Generates and manages profits in business.
Computer helps to calculate, manage and view customer data. Provides adobe Photoshop,
coral draw and online tools for creating computer marketing and advertising
materials as well as used to create company websites to grow computer business
and computer facilitates online banking and gateway payment Without a computer,
it is difficult to conduct, run and develop a business.
1. When
you need to start a business, go to Google immediately and search for a
business idea. Before starting any business, thousands of people seek help from
the internet, including website ideas, online ideas, offline ideas or part-time
business. Ideas, Home Based Business Ideas, Travel Business Ideas, computer
provides you quick and accurate information. It is the fastest way to share.
That's why millions of people start and run business with the help of computer.
2. When
a business idea is chosen with the help of computer, calculation is done for
the business plan for which Microsoft Excel is used to help finance
calculation, marketing budget planning, data for seminar & meeting. If you
don't know how to plan a business, you can get help from pre-defined and
pre-designed templates, and you can buy a full business plan with the help of
the internet or someone else's. Online consultation can also be done. All this
information is not possible without a computer. Such a long calculation,
description, business development data for business is not possible without
computer.
3. Marketing
and advertising material is not possible without computer software Adobe
Photoshop, Microsoft Office, Coral Draw, Adobe Illustrator and printer. All
these apps are used on computer and without computer image, video, slideshow,
business card, letter Heads, brochures are not possible.
4. To
run a business, employees can now be found with the help of freelancing
websites and online job portals, which saves a lot of time.it is necessary to
have an internet connection with the computer in order to take advantage of the
computer.
5. In
online marketing, the product can be advertised quickly. Nowadays everyone searches
products on Google but if they have to advertise on it then Google takes the
money for it. Advertising can be done on Facebook. Everyone promotes their
business using the best marketing techniques but it is possible only through
computers with internet connection.
6. The
product can also be sold online through computer. For this, purpose
business-e-commerce website or your own website can be developed where the
product can be sold.
7. When
the cost of running a business is low, high cost is placed on advertisement
which increases the demand. Sometimes government policies and low demand create
an unbalanced situation then Computers are used again to remarket it. Because
they have the data of customers and clients. This data is collected using
Business Analytics tracking code (Google Analytics code on the website). This
data contains feedback and views from the customer and clients. Thus, future
planning is planned by analyzing this data.
8. In
every bank you see employees working on computer they are managing daily draws,
transfers, case deposits and checks etc. and writing the daily report in the
computer Some of these computers are connected to the Internet and some are
connected to the Intranet, and have Microsoft Office, Excel installed on which
calculations are being made. Banking business cannot be developed without
computers and the Internet.
9. Nowadays
many people all over the world are making money while sitting at home.
Similarly, have you ever visited a cyber cafe in which the owner is running a
cyber cafe business and is making money? They have up to 2, 4, 5 or 10 computers.
They are creating documents, checking the results, printing them and providing
facilities like online admission form filling & filling online job
application for customers and earning money. Some are making money by selling
computers and some by teaching computers subjects, building computer colleges
and academies, and repairing some computers all are earning money.
10. Computers
are used in the training of workers and business is developed through remote
video conferencing.
11. Any
company can keep their complete data in any cloud storage (online). Digital
data storage is a good and secure source in which data is kept secure and
unauthorized persons have not access to it which can be kept online and It can
be accessed from any location with the help of internet and even if the company
owner is sitting thousands of miles away, his access is very easy with the help
of computer and he can view the whole company by linking online with the help
of CCTV.
12. Budget
and Forecasting: With the help of computer, the initial
cast of business, running cast etc, can be calculated with the help of Excel
spreadsheet.
13. Nowadays
in stock exchanges with the help of electronically digital system the routine
of the market is known and overall business profit and loss rate can be seen.
14. Department
Store:
The cashier daily sells the product once in front of the code reader
(electronics machine that is linked to the computer) and reads the bar cover on
the product. The value of this product is stored in the store computer and
displayed on the computer near the cell clerk which is printed which makes the
daily calculation easier and the data is updated.
15. Document
Management System: This system manages all the documents of the company and all
work is done on the computer with the help of various software (Microsoft Word,
Excel, In-Page).
1.11.6. The Role of Computer in Education.
Over the years, computers have
become very important in the education sector and have made the process of
learning and teaching much easier. Through Multimedia, professors / teachers /
instructors connect multimedia projectors and give lectures to the students. Thousands of books related to
technology/medical/commerce can be read online & printed. Examinations in
colleges and universities, student registration, staff Salary, Library Box
Record, Preparation of Result Card, Student Record, Fee Collection Record,
Holiday Record and preparation and printing of various notes can be printed
through computer. Which is why the computer has been added as an important
subject in all classes.
1. In today's modern
world computer is used for taking online exams, papers are checked quickly and
there is no chance of any mistake. Examples GRE, CCNA, CCNP, MICROSOFT OFFICE,
GMAT and SAT etc.
2. Now higher
education is being offered at home with the help of internet. The latest
example of this is the effect of the current Corona virus in which the
government of Pakistan has introduced online education system. Education is no
longer limited to classroom in the present age, it is a blessing for people
with disabilities, especially for students who cannot afford to go to an
institute on a regular basis. At present, many online educations systems are
running in the country, especially Allama Iqbal Open University, Virtual
University, etc.
3. Now the lecture
is always present in the soft form within USB which can be connected any time
and the lecture can be given.
4. Now more
knowledge can be provided on a specific topic which is useful for both the
teacher and the student. It makes the topic easier to understand and its
practical can be seen in the form of video. YouTube is an amazing website with
lectures on every topic that can be accessed at any time with the help of
internet.
5. The teacher can
save notes, additional materials, pictures, videos in the computer and share
them at any time when needed by student. Similarly, students can send soft copy
of homework, assignments to the teacher .Study papers are becoming less and
less due to computer nowadays.
6. Computer-Based
Training (CBT): Educational programs are developed in audio-visual media with
the help of experts in computer-based training. They are in the form of
lectures on a specific topic and these lecturers are prepared in modules and
assigned a Time allocation and also copied to CDs and sent to institutions so that
students take advantage at home.
7. Both the student
and the teacher can download a large amount of their relevant data (question
papers, previous papers, books, notes, articles, videos, images) and store it
in a small space in the computer.
8. Nowadays parents
can check educational progress with the help of computer. Every student's
result is available online and some good institutions have created a student
portal where a complete profile is created where fee records, Marks, Test
Marks, Attendance Percentage, Quiz Marks, Assignment Marks, Annual Results etc.
are available that can be printed.
9. Nowadays colleges
send a message early in the morning whether your child has come to college or
not. This is an online system and this message is sent with the help of
computer.
10. Students' records
(including admission record, attendance and leave record), fee record, teacher
record (salary, attendance), account record of the institution etc. are kept in
colleges and universities with the help of computer.
11.
12. Computer is used
to prepare timetable, annual exam date sheet, schedules, progress chart.
13. Computer is used
to provide education to deaf and dumb children.
14.
With the help of Google Translator option, any
language can be translated into another language and it can be copied &
pasted as shown in figure.
15.
From the website of Punjab Board of Technical
Education Board Lahore, diploma holders can check their Result, download
various forms, date sheet at home. Below is the link to access this website.
Type it in the Google address bar and select PBTE.
Key
Points.
ü A computer
is a general-purpose programmable machine that has the ability to store,
retrieve and process data.
ü Vacuum tubes
were used in first generation computers and their period was from 1940 to 1956.
ü Transistors
were used in second generation computers and their period was from 1956 to
1963.
ü The third-generation computer uses IC
chip and their period was from 1963 to 1971.
ü Fifth generation
computers have the ability to understand natural language and have the power to
think.
ü Analog Computers:
Computer Analog computer solves problems by measuring quantities of analog data
(voltage, current, speed, time, temperature) and continuously stores the
results of these physical quantities.
ü Digital computers
these computers process data containing digits. This data is in binary format 0
or 1. It processes the data very fast.
ü Hybrid computer:
This
computer is a combination of digital and analog computer. It features both
computers (analog and digital). Hybrid computers are used in scientific
applications, as well as in spacecraft, missile systems, scientific research
and hospitals.
ü Mainframe computer.
They
were built in 1940. With its large size, high power and high cost, it supports
thousands of users at the same time.
ü Mini computers:
They
were introduced in 1960 when IC was also introduced. The mini computer is
smaller in size than the mainframe but larger in size than the microcomputer
ü Microcomputer:
Microcomputers
are accessible to everyone due to their small size and low cost. It consists of
input devices, output devices, storage devices, memory and processors.
ü Supercomputers:
ü It is the fastest computer. It is big in
size and very expensive. Its storage capacity is high and quite expensive. Used in the
design and control of rockets and warships.
ü Computer in education:
Computers
have made the process of learning and teaching much easier. Multimedia has made
the learning process interesting and enjoyable.
ü Computer in Manufacturing:
Nowadays,
the computer has gained a prominent position in the manufacturing industry,
which has increased the accuracy quality and manufacturing speed.
ü Computer hardware:
Computer
hardware components are physical components that combine to form a computer
system.
ü Keyboard:
It
is the main input device used for communication with computers. It consists of 84
keys or 102/101 keys but now Keyboards with 104 and 108 keys are also
available.
ü Mouse:
It
is a device that is hand operated and used to control the movement of the
cursor on the screen of the LCD or monitor.
ü Digital Camera:
It
is a device that makes images and stores them. These images can be downloaded
to a computer, edited, viewed, and inserted into a document.
ü Touch screen:
It
has a pressure-sensitive display screen that receives commands when the finger
touches the top of the screen. In other words, the finger acts like a mouse. It
is used in mobile phones and tablets.
ü Microprocessor:
The
microprocessor is in the form of a chip inserted on top of the motherboard and
controls all the activities of the computer. It is called the central processing
unit or processor.
ü Joy
Stick:
It moves the
cursor position over the monitor screen. It can be moved around. Its function
is similar to a mouse. It uses in military and civilian aircraft. Designing
(CAD) and playing games.
ü Light pan:
It is a pointing
device. It is used to select the display menu item on the monitor screen. It
consists of a photocell and a small optical system inside it.
ü Trackball:
It is a mouse-like
device attached to a notebook and laptop in which the finger is moved over the ball
to move the pointer.
ü Hard disk:
The hard disk is
a magnetic storage device used for data storage with a capacity of several
hundred gigabytes (2 terabytes). It is fixed inside the computer.
ü Printer:
It is also an
output device that prints text, image graphs on paper. There are two types.
ü Laser printer:
These are called
page printers. They are a type of non-impact printer. They support high speed,
high printing quality, and many fonts and character sizes. They are very
expensive.
ü Plotter:
It is also an
output device that is used to print large size of engineering drawings, machine
parts, building design, maps, and charts and drink flakes, etc. Such type of
printing is not possible with an ordinary printer. It is more expensive than a
printer.
ü Speaker:
It is a
transducer that converts electrical signals into audio signals. The speaker is
attached to the sound card on the motherboard. It takes input from the sound
card and produces the audio output and is connected to an internal amplifier to
amplify the audio.
ü Memories:
The memory unit
stores data and programs. There are three types of memories on the motherboard
such as ROM, RAM, and Cache Memory.
ü ROM:
It consists of
an IC chip and is installed on top of the motherboard. It stores the input/output
system (BIOS) that controls the input/output devices and the startup or boot
process.
ü RAM:
RAM is a
high-speed memory that is installed on the motherboard. It is a red / write
memory. Information can be read and written on it. This is a volatile memory.
This means that when power is turned off, the store information would be lost.
The RAM module is installed in the memory slots on the motherboard.
ü Cache
memory:
It is located
inside the microprocessor or on top of the motherboard. It is the smallest and
fastest memory. It is also called CPU memory. It is more expensive than RAM.
ü Computer
software:
Computer
programs are called software. A computer program consists of a set of
instructions that tells the computer what to do and how to perform a function.
ü Operating
software:
It is software
that performs the coordination and management of all computer activities.
Operating software allows the user to operate the computer by interacting
directly with the computer hardware. The most popular operating system used in
microcomputers is "Windows".
ü Utility
programs:
Utility programs
perform specific tasks for the computer (related to computer management).
ü Application
software:
Application software
is developed to solve problems for users such as creating letters, managing
databases, and preparing presentations.
ü Productivity
software:
With the help of
this software, daily work (making letters, making charts, making payslips) and
monthly calculations can be done.
ü Business
software:
The software
used to manage the business is called Business Software. Some examples of popular
business software: Accounting, Sales and Marketing, Inventory Control, Project
Management, and Payroll Software.
ü Entertainment
software:
Software that
provides entertainment to the public is called entertainment software, such as
video games, video games, software that provide entertainment as well as
enhance typing and reading skills.
ü Education
software:
Software used
for educational purposes is called education software, such as typing tutor,
typing master, spelling tutor, language learning, medical and healthcare,
driving test, and flight simulation software.
ü Open-source
software:
It is computer
software that is in the form of source code. It provides the user with features
such as reading, modification, and refinement, and new features can be added.
It can be used for modification and distributed free.
ü Shareware:
These are
provided free for specific periods for 1 month or 4 months. A trial version is
given free to people to use and check if they like to buy the full version of
this software and they become deactivated after the free trial.
ü Freeware:
They are
absolutely free and are given for an unlimited time. Users can download and use
them from the Internet. They do not allow the user to modify them. Examples
Includes yahoo messenger, MSN messenger, VLC Media Player, Skype, and the PDF
file reader Adobe Acrobat.
ü Proprietary
Software
Short Question.
1) Define
Computer.
2) Define
Cloud Computing
3) Define
Computer first Generation
4) Give
three properties of first Generation Computers
5) Give
three Examples of first Generation Computers
6) Define
Computer second Generation
7) Give
three properties of second Generation Computers
8) Give
three Examples of second Generation Computers
9) Define
Computer 3rd Generation
10) Give
three properties of 3rd Generation Computers
11) Give
three Examples of 3rd Generation Computers
12) Define
Computer 4th Generation
13) Give
three properties of 4th Generation Computers
14) Give
three Examples of 4th Generation Computers
15) Define
Computer fifth Generation
16) Give
three properties of fifth Generation Computers
17) Give
three Examples of fifth Generation Computers
18) Define
analog computer
19) Define
use of analog computer
20) Give
examples of analog computer
21) Define
Digital computer
22) Define
use of digital computer
23) Give
examples of digital computer
24) Define
hybrid computer
25) Define
use of hybrid computer
26) Give
examples of hybrid computer
27) Define
main frame computer
28) Define
use of main frame computer
29) Give
examples of main frame computer
30) Define
Mini computer
31) Define
use of mini computer
32) Give
examples of mini computer
33) Define
Micro computer
34) Define
use of Micro computer
35) Give
examples of Micro computer
36) Define
super computer
37) Define
use of super computer
38) Give
examples of super computer
39) Write
any 4 uses of computer in Education
40) Write
any 4 uses of computer in business
41) Write
any 4 uses of computer in Engineering
42) Define
computer hardware
43) Define
computer software
44) Define
computer input devices
45) Define
computer output devices
46) Write
4 input devices of computer
47) Write
4 output devices of computer
48) Define
keyboard & Define mouse
49) Define
microphone & Define scanner
50) Define
barcode reader & Define digital camera
51) Define
touch screen &Define system unit
52) Define
mother board & Define microprocessor
53) Define
ALU & Define joy stick
54) Define
light pen & Define track ball
55) Define
secondary storage devices
56) Define
hard disk
57) Define
CD & Define DVD
58) Define
memory unit & Define USB
59) Give
examples of Secondary storage devices.
60) Define
monitor & Define printer
61) Define
plotter & Define ROM
62) Define
RAM & Define BIT & Byte
63) Define
software
64) Define
operating software
65) Define
application software.
66) Define
business software.
67) Define
Java script
68) Define
python
69) Define
C/C++
70) Define
PHP
71) Define
C language
72) Define
electronics data processing
73) Define
information
74) Define data
75) Define
blue ray disk
Long Question?
1) Describe
Electronics data processing and related terms
2) Explain
computer and its types.
3) Describe
Computer various generation.
4) Explain
Block Diagram of computer.
5) State
the terms such as BIT, Byte, RAM & ROM.
6) Identify
input & output devices
7) Describe
secondary storage devices
8) Explain
types of software’s
9) Explain
programming languages
10) Explain
application of computers in different fields
11) Explain
Use of Engineering, Education & business
12) Define
data, information, hardware & software
Lab activity for
an instructor.
v Connect
input devices/output devices with a computer in the computer lab and instruct all
students to observe and write note input/output devices?
v Identify
different components of a computer such as RAM, ROM, microprocessor, port,
extension slot, power supply, CD-ROM / DVD-ROM, window CD, heat sink, and
cooling fan and discuss the function of each?
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